Secularism to the West
To
the Western countries secularism is rejection of religion, denial of God and
the life after death in the other world.
It is a persuasion that we have no reason to be concerned with anything
other than this world and our life in this world. To the West, therefore, one
cannot be religious and also secular at the same time. In India religion is at
the centre of people’s life but, paradoxically, the country is secular. The
sacred books of the Hindus say that we should respect all religions. That
accounts for the multiplicity of religions in India.
India’s openness
There
was never a time when India had but one religion. Even before the Aryan
invasion there were numerous cults in India. They were mostly Dravidian. People
in Indian society were always open to messages from faiths other than their
own. Tolerance and pluralism are a continuing part of Indian religious
tradition. After the Aryan invasion there was a mingling of Dravidian and Aryan
cults, though they were diverse. Later, Islam and Christianity got added to the
existing Indian religious traditions. Yet, there was no inter-religious
tension, no bloodshed in the name of religion in India. Its emperors like
Ashoka and Akbar promoted religious tolerance.
Detachment of religion from power centres
As
Islam had Sufi tradition ( this tradition stressed devotion to God) so had
Hinduism the Bhakti tradition. The saints of both these traditions were open to
teachings of other faiths, were never sectarian and they never desired
closeness to any power centres. This is unlike the history of the West where
polity and political power were based on religion.
Unity of religions
The
heir to emperor Shajahan was inclined to Sufism and was a scholar in both
Sufism and Hinduism. He would quote from Islamic and Hindu books to show that
the two religions had similar teachings. He called them the mingling of two
oceans. Thus he also contributed to inter-religious harmony in India.
Notwithstanding conversions, castes in India persisted in all religions. Castes
cut across religions and worked as a counter current to possible religious
tensions.
Change after the advent of the British
The
situation witnessed a change after the coming in of the British. There arose
differences among the Muslim and Hindu elites for economic, political and
cultural reasons. The Hindus quickly adjusted to modern education, industry and
commerce. Unable to so adjust to
modernity, the Muslims were left behind. Newly acquired political and economic
power widened the difference between them. As India is multi-religious the
Congress party adopted secularism as one of its main policies. The context was the competitive politics where
the Hindus and the Muslims organized themselves on religious lines. When this
polarzation happened the Muslims felt less secure and wanted to have a power
sharing arrangement before the British left India. Thus, secularism was adopted
by the Congress more as a political expediency than as a philosophy.
Freedom caused no deviation
Independence and the partition of India did
not cause any deviation from the preferred secular path. There is no State
religion. People are free to practice any religion of their choice. Hence secularism
in India is equal respect for all religions and cultures and not denial of
religion. It means that religion will not interfere in governance. There will
be no discrimination on the basis of religion, caste, gender or class. One can
profess, practice and propagate a religion of one’s choice. Conversion to a
religion of one’s choice is one’s fundamental right.
The real issue in Indian secularism
The
question before us is not how many Indians believe in God and how many do not.
Rather, the question is how many of us respect the minority religions. The
issue concerning secularism in India is thus different and peculiar. The
presence or absence of belief in God is the issue for Western secularism.
Tolerance is faith, not political expediency
Though
deeply religious, the Indians tolerate and respect other religions. This
paradox underlies Indian secularism. The Sufi saints and the saints of Hindu Bhakti
cults are also secular in this sense. Tolerance in India is not latitude, nor is
it absence of bigotry. It is a positive faith and is prompted by religion.
Indian religions teach that truth is one but it is manifested in different forms
in different religions. The real Being
is one and we are all appearances of that real Being. This faith in
inclusiveness, in oneness is common to both Islam and Hinduism.
The real divisive factors – political and economic
In
India it is not religion that is divisive. It is only politicians who divide the
people in the name of religious, caste and ethnic identities. These identities
got erased long ago. The medieval Indian society was not competitive and hence
was more tolerant. The modern Indian society is economically and politically
competitive and is, therefore, less tolerant. When development is not even
throughout India and across its communities, this competition becomes acute. It
may surprise the West that India, though religious and religiously plural, is
secular and tolerant.
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(Material prepared by Dr. Jayaraman, Department of English, for IMSc students)